Association Between Maternal Occupation and History of Vaginal Discharge with Premature Rupture of Membranes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nur Aldita Enisaputri; Irmayanti; Andi Elis; Andi Maryam

doi:10.64141/pmhs.v3i1.80

Authors

Nur Aldita Enisaputri Universitas Kurnia Jaya Persada
Irmayanti Universitas Kurnia Jaya Persada
Andi Elis Universitas Kurnia Jaya Persada
Andi Maryam Universitas Kurnia Jaya Persada

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.64141/pmhs.v3i1.80

Keywords:

Premature Rupture of Membranes, Maternal Occupation, History of Vaginal Discharge, Pregnancy

Abstract

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is an important obstetric complication that contributes to increased maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Maternal factors, including occupation and a history of vaginal discharge, have been suggested to be associated with PROM; however, existing evidence remains inconsistent. This study aimed to examine the association between maternal occupation, a history of vaginal discharge, and the occurrence of PROM at Paniai Regional General Hospital. An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted among 101 women who delivered in August 2024 using a total sampling technique. Data were collected from medical records using an observation checklist and analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test with a significance level of 0.05. Most participants were aged 20–35 years (61.4%), had completed senior high school (55.4%), and were homemakers (64.4%). Overall, 77.2% experienced PROM, while 38.6% had a history of vaginal discharge. Significant associations were identified between maternal occupation and PROM (p = 0.007), as well as between a history of vaginal discharge and PROM (p < 0.001). Maternal occupation and a history of vaginal discharge may be considered during antenatal risk assessment to support the early identification and prevention of PROM.

References

Alikamali, M., Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S., Ahmadi, S., Memar, M. Y., & Shahnazi, M. (2025). The role of the vaginal microbiome in preterm premature rupture of membranes: A comprehensive review of mechanisms and clinical implications. Health Science Reports, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.71484

Aticeh, A., Endah, E., Debbiyantina, D., & Rosita, R. (2025). Literature review of factors affecting premature rupture of membranes. https://doi.org/10.70062/greenhealth.v2i4.246

Cao, J., Wang, Y., Wang, S., Shen, Y., Zhang, L., Li, W., Chen, L., Shuai, L., Li, Z., & Chang, Y. (2025). IL-1β stimulates ADAMTS9 expression and contributes to preterm prelabor rupture of membranes, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-025-02120-3

Deng, Y., Yang, L., Liu, T. Z., & Wu, F. (2025). Interaction of vaginal microbiota and biomarkers in premature rupture of membranes: From bench to bedside, 16, 1642942. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1642942

Feduniw, S., Żeber-Lubecka, N., Pruc, M., Gaca, Z., Szarpak, Ł., & Ciebiera, M. (2025). Does the vaginal microbiota influence the incidence of the preterm premature rupture of membranes? Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(18), 6577. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14186577

Frankel, H. N., Flachs, E. M., Sejbæk, C. S., Petersen, J. A., Bonde, J. P., Mehlum, I. S., Korshøj, M., Peters, A., Svartengren, M., Hettiarachchi, P., Johansson, P., Burdorf, A., & Begtrup, L. M. (2025). Development of a quantitative job exposure matrix for standing, walking, and forward bending among pregnant workers—The PRECISE JEM. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.4252

Gebre, K., Dawit, D., Sibamo, E. L., & Teklesilasie, W. (2025). Determinants of preterm premature rupture of membranes among pregnant women at public hospitals in the Sidama Region, Ethiopia. Therapeutic Advances in Reproductive Health, 19. https://doi.org/10.1177/26334941251349378

Jiang, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Zhao, K., Zhao, Y., & Che, Y. (2025). Determinants for premature rupture of membranes: A prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-025-07748-0

Karampitsakos, T., Mavrogianni, D., Machairiotis, N., Potiris, A., Panagopoulos, P., Stavros, S., Antsaklis, P., & Drakakis, P. (2025). The impact of amniotic fluid interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and metalloproteinase-9 on preterm labor: A narrative review. Biomedicines, 13(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13010118

Kayumova, G., & Khamroyev, Kh. (2025). Differentiated approaches to the management of pregnancy and childbirth with premature discharge of amniotic fluid. Неонатологія, Хірургія Та Перинатальна Медицина, 15(3), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.24061/2413-4260.xv.3.57.2025.14

Labossa, G., Koszegi, T., Farkas, B., Nagy, B., Jakabfi-Csepregi, R., Farkas, N., & Kovacs, K. (2025). Assessment of cervical IL-6 levels and neonatal inflammatory response in preterm birth following preterm premature rupture of membranes. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 47(10), 838. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47100838

Lv, C., Lü, Q., Zhang, C., Yan, S., Chen, H., Pan, X., Chao, F., Wang, R., & Song, X. (2024). Relationship between first trimester physical activity and premature rupture of membranes: A birth cohort study in Chinese women. BMC Public Health, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18791-5

Naher, N., & Faria, F. T. (2025). Maternal and fetal outcome in women presenting with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM): A case series from a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. TAJ. https://doi.org/10.70818/taj.v38i04.0479

Nam, S., Hong, S., Park, I. Y., & Shin, S. (2025). Vaginal microbiome and functional pathway alterations in preterm premature rupture of membranes revealed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Life, 15(10), 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15101604

Sejbæk, C. S., Flachs, E. M., Frankel, H. N., Mehlum, I. S., Tøttenborg, S. S., Madsen, I. E. H., Rugulies, R., Hougaard, K. S., Bonde, J. P., & Begtrup, L. M. (2024). O-325 physical work demands during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth—Findings from a Danish register-based cohort study. Occupational Medicine, 74(Supplement_1), 0. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.1231

Sholihah, A. N., & Khofiyah, N. (2025). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian ketuban pecah dini (KPD) di RS PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge, 5(2), 1469–1480. https://doi.org/10.53625/jirk.v5i2.10616

World Health Organization. (2023, May 10). Preterm birth. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preterm-birth

Zaga Clavellina, V., García López, G., Flores Pliego, A., Merchant Larios, H., & Vadillo Ortega, F. (2024). In vitro secretion and activity profiles of matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-9 and MMP-2, in human term extra-placental membranes after exposure to Escherichia coli. https://doi.org/10.60692/cv4p7-mr819